Cambios en el currículum de la Educación Física chilena: voces desde el territorio

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el desarrollo del currículum en los últimos años y la didáctica que utilizan profesores de Educación Física en una región del centro sur de Chile. La metodología del estudio es de tipo cualitativa, a través de entrevistas a docentes con al menos cinco años de permanencia en el sistema educacional. Los resultados dan cuenta de que los profesores abordan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje analizando el contexto en que están inmersos. Al momento de planificar sus clases se apoyan en las bases curriculares dispuestas por el Ministerio de Educación y las características de los estudiantes. Se concluye que, respecto a los desafíos actuales, buscan llevar a la práctica un modelo constructivista, procurando que el estudiante sea parte del proceso educativo, tomando en cuenta su integridad y bienestar. Asimismo, se espera que el currículum incorpore las problemáticas actuales que emergen en la sociedad.

The objective was to analyze the curriculum development and the didactics used by Physical Education teachers in recent years in a region of south-central Chile. The methodology of the study is qualitative, in which interviews were conducted with teachers with at least 5 years of permanence in the educational system. The results show that teachers approach the teaching-learning process by analyzing the context in which they are immersed. When planning their classes, they rely on the curricular bases established by the Ministry of Education and the characteristics of the students. Regarding current challenges, they seek to implement a constructivist model, making the student part of the educational process, taking into account their integrity and well-being. It is also hoped that the curriculum can incorporate the current problems emerging in society.

O objetivo foi analisar o desenvolvimento do currículo nos últimos anos e a didática utilizada pelos professores de Educação Física em uma região do centro-sul do Chile. A metodologia do estudo é qualitativa, em que foram realizadas entrevistas com professores com no mínimo 5 anos de permanência no sistema educacional. Os resultados mostram que os professores abordam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem analisando o contexto em que estão inseridos. Ao planejar suas aulas, eles se baseiam nas bases curriculares estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Educação e nas características dos alunos. Conclui-se que, face aos desafios atuais, procuram implementar um modelo construtivista, tornando o aluno parte do processo educativo, tendo em conta a sua integridade e bem-estar. Da mesma forma, espera-se que o currículo incorpore os problemas atuais que surgem na sociedade.

Relación entre actividad física, rendimiento académico y funciones ejecutivas en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática / Relationship between physical activity, academic performance and executive functions in adolescents: a systematic review / Relação entre atividade física, Rendimento acadêmico e funções executivas em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática

El objetivo de este estudió fue analizar la producción científica actual sobre el nivel de actividad física, rendimiento académico y funciones ejecutivas, con el fin de relacionar los beneficios del ejercicio con los procesos cognitivos de escolares. Metodología: Para la revisión y selección de artículos, se siguió la metodología de revisión sistemática basada en las declaraciones internacionales PRISMA. Las principales bases de datos utilizadas son; Dimensions, LILAC, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Dialnet. Búsqueda de artículos de intervención y de revisión publicados entre 2013 y 2020, con un rango etario de 10 a 18 años y escritos en idioma español. Los resultados indican que los estudios centran sus objetivos en analizar y comparar las relaciones entre las variables AF, RE y FE. Se concluye que existe una influencia positiva de la actividad física sobre las variables de rendimiento académico y funciones ejecutivas, lo que se traduce principalmente en una mejora en matemáticas y/o lectura, en la memoria y la atención.

The objective of this study was to analyze the current scientific production on the level of physical activity, academic performance, and executive functions, in order to relate the benefits of exercise to the cognitive processes of schoolchildren. Methodology: For the review and selection of articles, we followed the systematic review methodology based on the PRISMA international declarations. The main databases used are: Dimensions, LILAC, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, and Dialnet. The search focused on intervention and review articles published between 2013 and 2020, with an age range of 10 to 18 years old and written in Spanish. The results indicate that the studies focus their objectives on analyzing and comparing the relationships between the FA, AP, and EF variables. It is concluded that there is a positive influence of physical activity on the variables of academic performance and executive functions, which mainly translates into an improvement in mathematics and/or reading, as well as in memory and attention.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a produção científica atual sobre o nível de atividade física, rendimento acadêmico e funções executivas, a fim de relacionar os benefícios do exercício físico com os processos cognitivos de escolares. Metodologia: para a revisão e seleção dos artigos, seguiu-se a metodologia de revisão sistemática baseada nas declarações internacionais PRISMA. As principais bases de dados utilizadas são: Dimensões, LILAC, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus e Dialnet. Pesquisa de artigos de intervenção e revisão publicados entre 2013 e 2020, com faixa etária de 10 a 18 anos e escritos em espanhol. Os resultados indicam que os estudos focam seus objetivos em analisar e comparar as relações entre as variáveis AF, RE e FE. Conclui-se que existe uma influência positiva da atividade física nas variáveis de desempenho acadêmico e funções executivas, o que se traduz principalmente em melhora em matemática e/ou leitura, em memória e atenção.

Percepciones sobre el retorno presencial a clases en el marco del prácticum profesional en educación física / Perceptions of face-to-face return to class in the framework of professional practicum in physical education / Percepções sobre o retorno ao ensino presencial no marco do estágio profissional em Educação Física

El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer las percepciones de los estudiantes en Práctica de Síntesis Profesional (PSP) de la carrera de Educación Física de una universidad chilena respecto al retorno a la presencialidad tras dos años de confinamiento. Para el desarrollo de este estudio piloto se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental transversal con alcance descriptivo de tipo exploratorio La muestra se compuso de 45 estudiantes en PSP dentro de la región del Maule, Chile, con cursos que van desde Pre Básica hasta enseñanza media en establecimientos municipales, particulares y particulares subvencionados. Los resultados indican que los docentes en formación perciben el retorno a la presencialidad como un proceso complejo por el contexto vivido en la actualidad, experimentando desafíos educativos, adaptaciones y medidas sanitarias en el desarrollo de sus clases. Se concluye que existen diversos factores que han afectado el proceso de prácticas, generando la necesidad de reorientar las metodologías de trabajo de los docentes y reorganizando la realización de las clases, sin embargo, esto no significó que fuese un proceso negativo, donde a pesar de las dificultades, fue favorable y significativo volver a interactuar con los estudiantes presencialmente.

The present study aims to know the perception of students in Professional Synthesis Practice (PSP) from the Physical Education major, at a Chilean university, in regard to returning to in person teaching after two years of confinement where people were affected worldwide, leaving their daily lives behind, and education was no exception. The sample was comprised of 45 students who are carrying out their PSP in the Maule Region, Chile, taking courses that range from pre-basic to high school in public, private, and partly subsidized schools. The results indicate that teachers in training perceive returning to in-person teaching as a complex process due to the current context, as well as the experience of educational challenges, adaptations, and health measures in the development of their classes. It is concluded that several factors affected the internship process, generating the need to reorient the teachers' work methodologies, and reorganizing the way classes are conducted. However, this did not mean that it was a negative process, despite the difficulties; it was favorable and meaningful to interact with the students in person.

O objetivo foi conhecer as percepções dos estudantes em estágio profissional de síntese (PSP) do curso de Educação Física de uma universidade chilena sobre o retorno ao ensino presencial após dois anos de confinamento. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo piloto, utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, não experimental, transversal, com escopo descritivo exploratório. A amostra foi composta por 45 estudiantes de PSP da região de Maule, Chile, com cursos de pré-básico a ensino médio em estabelecimentos municipais, privados e privados subsidiados. Os resultados indicam que os professores em formação percebem o retorno ao ensino presencial como um processo complexo devido ao contexto atual, vivenciando desafios educacionais, adaptações e medidas de saúde no desenvolvimento de suas aulas. Conclui-se que são vários os fatores que afetaram o processo de estágio, gerando a necessidade de reorientar as metodologias de trabalho dos professores e reorganizar a condução das aulas, no entanto, isso não significa que tenha sido um processo negativo, onde apesar das dificuldades, foi favorável e significativo para interagir novamente com os alunos pessoalmente.

Effectiveness of Adapted Taekwondo, Multi-Component Training and Walking Exercise on Health Status in Independent Older Women: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (TKD & Aging Project).

This study protocol aims to analyze and compare the effects of an adapted taekwondo program with respect to multi-component training and walking exercise on health status in independent older women. Secondarily, we analyze the variability of the inter-individual response and compare it according to the designated training system. The sample will consist of 64 women between 60 and 65 years, randomly assigned to experimental group 1 (n = 16; adapted taekwondo), experimental group 2 (n = 16; multi-component training), experimental group 3 (n = 16, walking exercise) or control group (n = 16; no intervention). The experimental groups will perform the designated training for three sessions (60 min per session) per week over 16-weeks, while the control group will not receive any treatment. The main outcome will provide information about (i) blood pressure, (ii) lipid profile, (iii) frequency of food consumption, (iv) body composition, (v) cognitive status, (vi) brain activity, (vii) health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and (viii) physical-functional fitness. Our hypothesis indicates that adapted taekwondo produces more significant effects and greater inter-individual responses in cognitive status, brain activity, HRQoL, and postural balance than the others training methods. If this intervention proves effective, it could be an alternative for older women.

Estimated Oxygen Consumption with the Abbreviated Method and Its Association with Vaccination and PCR Tests for COVID-19 from Socio-Demographic, Anthropometric, Lifestyle, and Morbidity Outcomes in Chilean Adults.

COVID-19 causes cardiovascular and lung problems that can be aggravated by confinement, but the practice of physical activity (PA) could lessen these effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) with vaccination and PCR tests in apparently healthy Chilean adults. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed, in which 557 people from south-central Chile participated, who answered an online questionnaire on the control of COVID-19, demographic data, lifestyles, and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases. V˙O2max was estimated with an abbreviated method. With respect to the unvaccinated, those who received the first (OR:0.52 [CI:0.29;0.95], p = 0.019) and second vaccine (OR:0.33 [CI:0.18;0.59], p = 0.0001) were less likely to have an increased V˙O2max. The first vaccine was inversely associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (ß:−1.68 [CI:−3.06; −0.3], p = 0.017), adjusted for BMI (ß:−1.37 [CI:−2.71; −0.03], p = 0.044) and by demographic variables (ß:−1.82 [CI:−3.18; −0.46], p = 0.009); similarly occur for the second vaccine (ß: between −2.54 and −3.44, p < 0.001) on models with and without adjustment. Having taken a PCR test was not significantly associated with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min). It is concluded that vaccination significantly decreased V˙O2max, although it did not indicate cause and effect. There is little evidence of this interaction, although the results suggest an association, since V˙ O2max could prevent and attenuate the contagion symptoms and effects.

Contribución de la priorización curricular de educación física y salud en la formación académica de los estudiantes / Contribution of the curricular prioritization of physical education and health in the academic training of students / Contribuição da priorização curricular de educação física e saúde na formação académica dos estudantes

RESUMEN Los procesos educativos han sufrido muchos cambios debido a la pandemia de Covid-19 intentando mantener la continuidad de los mismos a través de clases virtuales, para facilitar esta labor, el Ministerio de Educación de Chile establece la Priorización Curricular que tiene como propósito responder a las diversas dificultades y problemas del ámbito educativo que emergen debido a la paralización de las clases presenciales causado por la crisis sanitaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la priorización curricular en Educación Física y Salud es una contribución para la formación académica de los estudiantes, para ello, se utilizó una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental, a través de la cual se recogió información que permitió conocer la percepción de los profesores en ejercicio. Los resultados indican que su principal contribución es en el ámbito conceptual, sin embargo, presenta carencias en cuanto a algunos aspectos relevantes para un buen desarrollo del aprendizaje. Se concluye que esta organización de objetivos ha sido medianamente bien recibida por los profesores, aunque representa en su aplicación una contribución al proceso formativo.

ABSTRACT The educational processes have undergone many changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic, trying to maintain their continuity through virtual classes, to facilitate this work, the Ministry of Education of Chile establishes the Curricular Prioritization that aims to respond to the various difficulties and problems in the educational environment that emerge due to the paralysis of face-to-face classes caused by the health crisis. The objective of this study was to know if the curricular prioritization in Physical Education and Health is a contribution to the academic training of students, for this, a methodology with a quantitative, non-experimental approach was used, through which information was collected that allowed to know the perception of practicing teachers. The main results indicate that its main contribution is in the conceptual field; however, it presents deficiencies in terms of some relevant aspects for a good development of learning. It is concluded that this organization of objectives has been fairly well received by teachers, although in its application it represents a contribution to the training process.

RESUMO Os processos educacionais sofreram muitas mudanças devido à pandemia de Covid-19, tentando manter sua continuidade por meio de aulas virtuais. Para facilitar este trabalho, o Ministério da Educação do Chile estabelece a Priorização Curricular que visa responder às várias dificuldades e problemas no campo educacional que surgem devido à paralisação das aulas presenciais causadas pela crise da saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi saber se a priorização curricular em Educação Física e Saúde é uma contribuição para a formação acadêmica dos alunos, para isso, foi utilizada uma metodologia com abordagem quantitativa, não experimental, por meio da qual foram coletadas informações que permitiu conhecer a percepção dos professores atuantes. Os resultados indicam que sua principal contribuição está no campo conceitual, porém, apresenta deficiências em alguns aspectos relevantes para um bom desenvolvimento da aprendizagem. Conclui-se que esta organização de objetivos tem sido moderadamente bem recebida pelos docentes, embora represente um contributo para o processo de formação na sua aplicação.

Teachers' conceptions about approaches of activities in nature in the physical education classroom / Concepções dos professores sobre a abordagem das atividades na natureza na aula de educação física

ABSTRACT The objective is to understand the conceptions that Physical Education teachers have about Activities in Nature (ACN) that occur in the school context. The research is based on the interpretive paradigm with qualitative methodology, in which a semi-structured interview was applied to 12 high school Physical Education teachers in the city of Talca-Chile. The results indicate that these activities, among other things, contribute to a greater environmental awareness on the part of students, enabling the realization of different bodily practices in the natural environment. It is concluded that teachers need more training in the area, as the ACN become a pedagogical strategy that privileges autonomy, reflection and the development of values, fundamental issues for the integral development of young people and adolescents.

RESUMO O objetivo é compreender as concepções que os professores de Educação Física têm sobre as Atividades em Contato com a Natureza (ACN) que ocorrem no contexto escolar. A pesquisa se baseia no paradigma interpretativo com metodologia qualitativa, em que foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada a 12 professores de Educação Física do ensino médio da cidade de Talca-Chile. Os resultados indicam que essas atividades, entre outras coisas, contribuem para uma maior consciência ambiental por parte dos alunos, possibilitando a realização de diferentes práticas corporais no ambiente natural. Conclui-se que os professores necessitam de maior formação na área, visto que as ACN tournarm-se uma estratégia pedagógica que privilegia a autonomia, a reflexão e o desenvolvimento de valores, questões fundamentais para o desenvolvimento integral de jovens e adolescentes.

Percepciones de profesores en formación sobre las prácticas pedagógicas supervisadas de educación física / Perceptions of teachers in training on the supervised physical education pedagogical practices

La práctica pedagógica supervisada (PPS) es un momento en que los estudiantes se enfrentan directamente con la realidad que tendrán en sus futuras actividades profesionales y se convierte en un espacio formativo en el que los futuros profesores desarrollan acciones pedagógicas en situaciones de la vida real. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las percepciones de profesores en formación de una universidad regional del sur de Chile sobre su proceso de formación práctica. Es una investigación de tipo cuantitativa donde participaron 95 profesores en formación. Los profesores en formación valoran los espacios de formación práctica, pero visualizan distanciamiento entre lo que se enseña en clases en la universidad y la realidad escolar

Supervised pedagogical practice (SPP) is a time when students face directly the reality they will have in their future professional activities, and becomes a training space in which future teachers can develop their pedagogical actions in real life situations. The aim of this study was to know the perceptions of professors in training from a regional university in southern Chile about their practical training process. It is a quantitative research where 95 teachers in training participated. Teachers in training value practical training spaces, but visualize a distance between what was taught in classes at the university and school reality

[Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test]. / Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo.

The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo / Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test

Resumen La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Abstract The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

Interdisciplina y Educación: la orientación deportiva como propuesta sistémica / Interdiscipline and education: the sportive orienteering as systemic proposal

Resumen Se presentan resultados de una búsqueda bibliográfica basada en interrogantes relacionadas con las posibilidades de la práctica de la orientación deportiva como componente curricular pertinente en las aulas escolares. Se adoptó un trabajo cualitativo de naturaleza básica tratando de generar conocimientos nuevos y útiles sin necesidad de una aplicación práctica inmediata (Engel y Tolfo, 2009), teniendo como procedimiento la investigación bibliográfica, que, según Silva y Muszkat (2005), es aquella elaborada a partir de material publicado. Se concluye que el desarrollo de actividades en el medio natural es beneficioso para la formación integral del educando y que la orientación deportiva es un deporte que promueve el desarrollo de habilidades y conductas asociadas al entendimiento holístico del fenómeno humano a partir de la integración de saberes.

Abstract The paper presents results of a literature search based on questions related to the possibility of including orienteering as relevant curricular component in school classrooms. A basic qualitative approach was adopted to generate new and useful knowledge without the need of an immediate practical application (Engel & Tolfo, 2009). The procedure followed was bibliographic research, which, according to Silva & Muszkat (2005), is the research prepared from published material. It is concluded that having activities in a natural environment is beneficial for the student's overall education and that orienteering, is a sport that promotes developing skills and behaviors related to the holistic understanding of the human phenomenon from the integration of knowledge.

Resumo São apresentados resultados de uma pesquisa bibliográfica baseada em questões relacionadas às possibilidades da prática de orientação esportiva como componente curricular relevante nas aulas. Foi adotado um trabalho qualitativo de natureza básica, buscando gerar conhecimento novo e útil sem a necessidade de aplicação prática imediata (Engel & Tolfo, 2009), tendo como procedimento a pesquisa bibliográfica que, segundo Silva e Muszkat (2005), é elaborada a partir de material publicado. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento de atividades no meio natural é benéfico para a formação integral do aluno e que a orientação esportiva é um esporte que promove o desenvolvimento de habilidades e comportamentos associados à compreensão holística do fenômeno humano a partir da integração do conhecimento.

Un modelo para predecir el consumo de oxígeno según signos vitales y hábitos de vida en estudiantes universitarios / A model to predict maximal oxygen uptake using vital signs and lifestyles in university students

Background Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 max) is measured using maximal and submaximal exercise tests or can be predicted using demographic variables, body adiposity, vital signs and lifestyles. Aim To elaborate an equation to predict the V̇O 2 max in the absence of cardiopulmonary test in university students. Material and Methods V̇O 2 max was measured directly using a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill in 121 students aged 22 ± 2 years (59 males). Data about drug and medication use, physical activity [PA], vital signs at rest, and basic anthropometry were collected. The independent variables were included in a multivariate equation and the validity of the model was checked through distribution assumptions and according to the concordance limits of the Bland-Altman diagram. Results The best predictive equation for V̇O 2 max incorporated sex, age, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, smoking habits and PA as independent variables. The distributional assumptions were fulfilled (p > 0.05), there were no differences between the equation and the measurement of V̇O 2 max (p = 0.854) with a bias of -0.08 ml·kg·min -1 (95% confidence intervals [-0.95; 0.78]). Conclusions The resulting equation predicts V̇O 2 max based on body adiposity, physiological parameters and life habits.

Competency based physical education teacher training: the case of a chilean university / Formação por competências de profesores de educação física: o caso de uma universidade chilena

ABSTRACT In Chile, the training of physical education teachers has traditionally been based on hygienist models, within the bio-metric paradigm. Due to the social changes and the needs of the country, the implementation of reflective models of professional practice in the teacher training programs in Physical Education is encouraged. At the Universidad Católica del Maule (UCM), the model of professional competences in the Physical Education program is developed, in which the possible domains of development are determined by identifying the minimum knowledge articulated transversally by performing vertical adjustments through the different semester modules throughout the formative itinerary. This proposal has been placed as a success, but the work by competencies still lacks more didactic coordination and curricular adjustments, and a continuous review, a, situation that is normal in any vocational training proposal.

RESUMO No Chile, a formação de professores de educação física tem sido tradicionalmente baseada em modelos higienistas, dentro do paradigma biométrico. Devido às mudanças sociais e às necessidades do país, é incentivada a implantação de modelos reflexivos de prática profissional na capacitação de professores em Educação Física. Na Universidade Católica de Maule (UCM), é desenvolvido o modelo baseado em competências profissionais na formação de professores de Educação Física, no qual os possíveis domínios de desenvolvimento são determinados identificando o conhecimento mínimo articulado de forma transversal realizando ajustes verticais por meio dos diferentes módulos semianuais e horizontais ao longo do itinerário formativo. Esta proposta tem se colocado como de sucesso, mas o trabalho por competências ainda carece de maior entrosamento didático e ajustes curriculares, fato este normal dentro de qualquer proposta de formação profissional, ou seja, a revisão continuada.

La planificación como instrumento pedagógico del "programa segundo tempo" / Planning as a pedagogical instrument in the "segundo tempo" program

El "Programa Segundo Tempo" (PST) beneficia principalmente a niños y adolescentes brasileños que se encuentran en situación de riesgo social, permitiendo el acceso al deporte desde el punto de vista de la formación ciudadana y adoptando los principios educacionales como directrices generales de la propuesta pedagógica del programa, factor que valora la mediación y participa-ción del profesor en su proceso de desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir, por medio de una investigación bibliográfica documental, que el planeamiento pedagógico es un elemento básico en la estructura organizacional de esta política pública del gobierno brasileño y favorece la puesta en escena de las acciones del mismo para alcanzar los objetivos esperados. Como conclu-sión, se observa que este programa se presenta como una acción de política pública direccionada al deporte educacional que busca la universalización de acceso al deporte pero que aún presenta algunas dificultades burocráticas y de implementación.

The "Programa Segundo Tempo" (PST) benefits mainly to boys and Brazilian teenagers that find in situation of social risk, allowing the access to the sport from the point of view of the citizen tra-ining and adopt the principles educationalist like general guidelines of the pedagogical proposal of the program, factor that values the mediation and participation of the professor in his process of development. The objective of this article is to argue, by means of a documentary bibliographic investigation, that the pedagogical planning is a basic element in the structure organizational of this public politics of the Brazilian government and favors the staged of the actions of the same to reach the objectives expected. Like conclusion, observes that this program presents like an action of public politics addressed to the sport educational that looks for the universalization of access to the sport but that still presents some bureaucratic difficulties and of implementation.

Transversalidad, interdisciplinariedad y aprendizaje, una tríada que emerge de la espacialidad / Crosscutting, interdisciplinary and learning, a triad that emerges from the spatial

En sus diversas manifestaciones el fenómeno educativo presenta características y matices que a lo largo de la historia se han enmarcado en la estrechez de las aulas y en las limitaciones de la infraestructura de los centros educacionales. Mas este fenómeno va por sobre la rigidez de las construcciones y la nubosidad de las propuestas curriculares y sus acciones. Se presenta como un momento de creación, descubrimiento y expansión que al no ser potenciado se encierra en un mundo restringido, poco acogedor y mucho menos llamativo para alcanzar el fin sublime de la educación, que pretende favorecer el crecimiento y desarrollo del Ser Humano y, en términos prácticos, preparar al hombre para lo que debe ser y hacer aquí, en esta Tierra y en este momento. Los espacios enriquecidos, la puesta en escena de actividades en lugares no habituales, el enfrentamiento a los propios temores e inseguridades, el alejamiento del proceder ortodoxo pero no sin sentido, entregan según esta mirada una alternativa pertinente para el proceso educativo, y otorgan destellos humanizantes para este fenómeno puramente humano. El presente artículo expone parte de los hallazgos de una investigación que abordó los sentidos que los profesores en formación expresan respecto de las actividades en la naturaleza.

In its various educational phenomenon has characteristics and nuances throughout history have been framed by the narrowness of the classroom and on the limitations of the infrastructure of educational facilities. But this phenomenon is over the rigidity of the buildings and clouds of curriculum proposals and actions. It is presented as a moment of creation, discovery and expansion not being promoted is enclosed in a constrained world, unwelcoming and much less conspicuous to reach the sublime view of education that emphasizes the growth and development of Human Being In practical terms, preparing man for what should be and do here on this earth and at this time. Enriched spaces, the staging of activities in unusual places, the confrontation with your fears and insecurities, the remote procedure but not orthodox sense, delivered according to this view a relevant alternative to the educational process and confer humanizing glimpses for purely human phenomenon. This article is a research associate to research that addressed the ways that student teachers expressed on activities in nature.